Este trabalho tem como objetivo introduzir a interpretação variacional de Schwinger ao fenômeno de Casimir, associada à construção de uma dinâmica quântica que descreva efetivamente a interação entre objetos macroscópicos (2 fontes) do ponto de vista de uma teoria de espalhamento (Matriz-S), utilizando como guia fenomenológico a interação entre meios materiais. Com este intuito estudaremos a imposição de condições de contorno no campo escalar real de Klein-Gordon-Fock não massivo em (1+1) dimensões no formalismo de operadores e no formalismo funcional. Tendo elucidado o método funcional, abordaremos o problema utilizando a leitura de Schwinger.

The aim of this work is to introduce the Schwinger interpretation to the Casimir phenomenon, associated with the construction of a quantum dynamics which effectively describes the interaction between macroscopic objects (sources) from the point of view of a scattering theory (S-Matrix) using as guide the phenomenological interaction in material means. With this intention let's study the imposition of bondary conditions to the real non-massive Klein-Gordon-Fock field in (1+1) dimensions in the operatorial formalism and in the funcional formalism. Once elucidated the functional method, we approach the problem using the Schwinger reading.

We study the self-energy of a model with a tri-linear coupling among spinless fields on a manifold with one spatial dimension compactified. The model is considered to be composed by a quantized scalar field interacting with a classical scalar one. In order to improve the compactification we take the quantum field satisfying quasi periodic boundary conditions, which interpolates continuously the periodic and anti-periodic conditions, whilst the background field satisfies periodic boundary conditions. All the calculations are performed in Euclidean coordinates.

In order to popularize the so called Schwinger's method we reconsider the Feynman propagator of two non-relativistic systems: a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field and a charged harmonic oscillator in a uniform magnetic field. Instead of solving the Heisenberg equations for the position and the canonical momentum operators, R and P, we apply this method by solving the Heisenberg equations for the gauge invariant operators R and pi = P-eA, the latter being the mechanical momentum operator. In our procedure we avoid fixing the gauge from the beginning and the result thus obtained shows explicitly the gauge dependence of the Feynman propagator.